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INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Worldwide POLITICS - Essay Example Legislative issues on this planet logically became vanquished by one kind of division: the sovereign national state (SNS)ii. This investigation will concentrate on the inquiries What is the Westphalian framework and to what degree has it been subverted by globalization? The Westphalian framework is the overall framework symbolically instated at the Peace of Westphalia, 1648, which finished the Thirty Years War. At Westphalia the state was set up as a free political division, implying that it licensed no adversary specialists. Popes and rulers could no longer meddle direct in the connections of the state, however neither might it be able to incorporate sovereign primitive wards or self-administering worker social orders. The arrangement of a widespread society was crushed; or rather it was re-clarified as an overall framework. A few states were self-sufficient, yet they coincided in an encompassed space where they proceeded with customary correspondences with one another. By right, all states were indistinguishable, and in spite of the fact that accepted various states noticeably were more compelling than others, the dissimilarities between them were not satisfactorily enormous for an obvious structure to show up. Metaphorically, the Westphalian fram ework was a round of billiards with states slamming and hopping into, and off, one another. Self-governance granted each express the option to deal with its own undertakings: an open door originally appreciated by sovereigns and later, after the national rebellions which was sought after by the French Revolution, by people. The Westphalian framework produces ensured â€Å"national self-determination† and â€Å"non-interference† in the issues of different regions. To the states supporters this was an extraordinary push ahead. Realms, in fact any exceptionally arranged correspondence with different domains, related with the past: to a Roman period, remembered for its â€Å"despotism† rather than for its hundreds of years long congruity, to the bleak Middle Ages, or most likely to a

What Is a Pack Year and How Does It Relate to Me

What Is a Pack Year and How Does It Relate to Me Addiction Nicotine Use Print What Is a Pack Year and How Does It Relate to Me? Pack Years are a Measure of Lifetime Exposure to Tobacco Toxins By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on February 22, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 Knaupe/E/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. A pack-year is a term used to describe the approximate number of cigarettes a person has smoked over time.?? One pack-year equals 20 manufactured cigarettes smoked per day for one year.   Examples of Pack Years Here are a few examples of how pack-years are determined. For the purposes of the calculation,  one pack contains 20 cigarettes. John smoked 10 cigarettes per day for 10 years.   1/2 pack  (10 cigarettes) per day x 10 years  5 pack-years Jane smoked 30 cigarettes per day for 26 years. 1 pack  (20 cigarettes) per day x 26 years 26 pack-years Plus 10 cigarettes (1/2 pack) per day x 26 years 13 pack-years 26 pack years 13 pack years 39 pack-years Chris smoked 40 cigarettes for 42 years. 2 packs  (40 cigarettes) x 42 years 84 pack-years What About Loose Tobacco? The pack-year calculation uses standard manufactured cigarettes, so what if you use loose tobacco to roll your own cigarettes or fill a pipe? The pack-year formula cant be applied to smokers using loose tobacco. Instead, a translation was derived by measuring the weight of tobacco in traditional cigarettes and relating it to loose tobacco.?? Even though there are some differences between the cigarettes you roll yourself with loose tobacco and manufactured cigarettes you buy in a pack, the American Cancer Society reminds consumers that there are health consequences to any type of cigarette you smoke.?? Approximately 1/2 ounce of loose tobacco equals 20 commercial cigarettes.   Heres the formula to gauge pack-years for loose tobacco smokers, who usually speak of how much they smoke in terms of ounces per week. Ounces per week × 2/7 × number of years smoked pack years Why Pack Years Matter Pack-years is one measure of lung cancer risk for smokers.?? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) pack-years, age, and smoking history are used to determine whether an individual is eligible to be screened for lung cancer.?? However, there is some debate about the accuracy and usefulness of using pack-years as a risk assessment for lung cancer.?? For example, you might assume that a person who has smoked half a pack of cigarettes every day for 40 years (20 pack-years)  is at greater risk for lung cancer than someone who has been smoking two packs a day for 10 years (also 20 pack-years).   The assertion assumes that less smoking-related health damage occurs within the first 10 years a person smokes compared to the level of damage sustained after 40 years. However, research has shown that even occasional smoking has health consequences.?? While its not a perfect measure of risk, many researchers and clinicians feel that pack-years provide an important perspective on lifetime risk for smokers.?? Pack-years are a reasonable measure of the overall exposure smokers and former smokers have had to the toxins in cigarettes in their lifetime, but it isnt the only predictor of smoking-related disease. In addition to lung cancer, pack-years are one of several factors considered when assessing a persons risk of smoking-related cardiovascular disease and COPD. If you want to calculate your risk for lung cancer, the American Association for Thoracic Surgery provides a tool that takes several risk factors into account; the calculator can even assess your lung cancer risk if you have never smoked.?? Smoking Cessation Help Smoking cessation is a scary thought for many smokers, but its never too late to quit. Start by  learning about developing strong quit muscles, the supplies to have on hand when you quit, and nicotine withdrawal.

There Is A Seemingly Infinite Number Of Musical Genres

There is a seemingly infinite number of musical genres from all over the world and I can find appreciation in almost all of them. Some genres are easier to like than others but music is music and it is an art form. However, there is one genre that I have a hard time enjoying. Hip-Hop/Rap is probably the only genre that I do not enjoy listening to. This is especially troubling to me because I hear it almost everywhere I go. I am a wrestler for the University and Hip-Hop/Rap is always playing during our workouts, locker room, and on trips. There are three main features of Hip-Hop that I do not like: First, an abundant amount of inappropriate language. Second, all types of music put me in a certain mood whether I notice it or not. For†¦show more content†¦When asked, the junior replied that he liked the song because â€Å"it has a steady flow, catchy beat, and it’s the song I listen to when I am putting work.† He helped me break the song down and told me how to p erceive the music. Together we listened to the song on repeat for about a half an hour. He absolutely loves the song but I could not find anything nice to say about the song. After his triumphant efforts of trying to sway my mind to see the song in new light, his last piece of advice was to listen to listen to the song at different times of the day and see if it has any positive effects. So, I did just that and listened to â€Å"Water† first thing in the morning before and my morning workout, before and during my study sessions, and late at night unwinding before going to sleep. After the day, the only new insight that I gained is that the song did not have any influence to my day, positive or negative. Committed to find out why fans listen to this music genre, even though the content may be completely unrelated to their lifestyle, I had to resort to my last resource: the internet. I googled Hip-Hop genre and searched for anything that could help me gain a new perspective. After some research, I have collected two articles, â€Å"Hip Hop and Rap as Art, and as an Agent of Change for Social Justice and Political Reform† and â€Å"Six Reasons You Should Let Your Child Listen to Hip Hop.† I have also gone into depth with YouTube videos â€Å"Does Rap MusicShow MoreRelatedBob Dylan And The American Civil Rights And Anti War Movements2239 Words   |  9 Pagesexisting pop music conventions and appealed to the burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the performances of Little Richard, and the songwriting of Woody Guthrie, Robert Johnson, and Hank Williams, Dylan has amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning 50 years, has explored the traditions in American song—from folk, blues, and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and the Great AmericanRead MoreEssay about Toward a Definition of Modernism2672 Words   |  11 Pagesencapsulates in its title the challenges critics meet in their attempts to formulate a coherent theoretical modernist model, though the quintessential modernist works –even at the time of this 1987 article – are over sixty years old. Indeed, the sheer number of scholarly books and articles that discuss or contribute to the debate surrounding the definition of modernism indicates the extent to which modernism is a term whose only non-contentious consensus is that it its meaning is fraught with ambiguityRead MoreEssay on Creativity is Vital2137 Words   |  9 Pagesstruggles, because such programs are imperative to the development of well-rounded students, a more varied education, and a safer school system. In existence are seven vital forms of communicating information, â€Å"and word and numbers are only two of them† (Hurley 2). Words and numbers encompass core subjects essential in elementary and secondary school for the most part. However, that only covers half of the brain. The left hemisphere of the brain covers analytical thought, logic, language, and subjectsRead MoreReality Is Broken Summary14202 Words   |  57 Pageswords with lettered tiles. You have only seven letters to work with at a time. You don’t get to choose which keys, or letters, you can use. You also have to base your words on the words that other players have already created. And there’s a finite number of times each letter can be used. A set of obstacles or unnecessary work enthralled millions people over the past seventy years. Tetris Often dubbedâ€Å"the greatest computer game of all time,† is a perfect example of a game you cannot win. What makesRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesFish and Wildlife. (By 1949, she was editor of all agency publications.) It wasnt until 1951 that her next and most popular book, The Sea Around Us, appeared. It was among the first examples of what was to become an important late twentieth-century genre, science as literature. On the New York Times bestseller list for eighty-six weeks, this volume earned Carson enough royalties to enable her to retire from government work and focus on the projects that most interested her. After completing the thirdRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesIf the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesconcludes with an indication of further reading. We have also included, wherever possible, indications of films and other media that provide insights into the issues covered in the chapter. Discussion questions Finally, each chapter concludes with a number of questions that have been developed for use in seminar discussions or would be suitable as the basis for assessments. . List of figures Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9

Essay about Steroids in Professional Sports - 976 Words

Steroids in Professional Sports Sports is one of the most popular forms of entertainment we have today. Whether it’s football, basketball, soccer, baseball, etc., fans are willing to pay ridiculous amounts of money in order to watch sports. There are few issues in the world of sports. But there is one issue that stands out, steroids. Although steroids may increase strength, stamina and athleticism, they are incredibly harmful to your body and should never be used. Still, some athletes persist in taking them, knowing that these substances provide a physical advantage. Although this is true, steroids can cause serious physical and psychological side effects. Steroids are simply a derivative of the naturally occurring male anabolic hormone†¦show more content†¦A rookie in the MLB makes 400,000 dollars a year (Goldin). Theses incredible amounts of money are what drive athletes to make it professionally in their sport, and although steroids have many risks, athletes are wi lling to test their luck for a big pay day. The main concern with steroids are the side affects after use. Steroids aren‘t just a â€Å"one and doneâ€Å" type of medication. They have to be used consistently for periods of time in order for an athlete to see results. There can be a whole world of side effects,â€Å" says Dr. Wadler (â€Å"Anabolicâ€Å"). Some are visible to the naked eye and some are internal. Some are physical, others are psychological. With unsupervised steroid use, the effects can be irreversible or undetected until its too late (â€Å"Anabolic†). Steroids are incredibly harmful to the body. The most frightening part is that some of the damage can’t even be detected until it’s too late. In addition to his previous comments, Dr. Wadler also stresses that unlike almost all other drugs, all steroid based hormones have one unique characteristic -- their dangers may not be manifest for months, years and even decades. Therefore, long a fter you gave them up you may develop side effects (â€Å"Anabolic†). There are different side affects that occur depending on the gender of the consumer. Some of the side effects in men include reduced sperm count, impotence, development of breasts, shrinking of the testicles and difficulty or pain while urinating (DeNoon). Some of theShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Steroids in Professional Sports They’re among the world’s most controversial drugs. Not Heroin, Ganja, Coke or Crystal Meth, but Anabolic Steroids. Steroids are medical treatments that come in two varieties: Anabolic Steroids and Corticosteroids. These are both synthetic versions of hormones produced naturally in the body but they perform two completely different tasks. Corticosteroids are used by doctors to decrease inflammation. Anabolic Steroids are the familiar term for the syntheticRead MoreThe Use of Steroids is Banned in Professional and Organized Sports533 Words   |  2 PagesFormer NFL superstar and Hall of Famer, Lawrence Taylor once said, â€Å"Steroids are for guys who want to cheat opponents.† The use of steroids is banned in professional and organized sports. Performance enhancing drugs should not be accepted in professional sports. Performance enhancing drugs also known as PED’s, violate rules, give players an unfair advantage, and send a terrible message to young athlet es. There are many types of PED’s but the main two are Lean Mass Builders and Stimulants. Lean massRead MoreEssay about The Use of Steroids in Sports1299 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristic associated sports. So much attention, time, and money are devoted to sports these days, maybe even too much. Perhaps all the pressure is what has sparked steroid use in sports and stimulated numerous controversies over the subject. The use of steroids is an unfair training method for sports. Unfairness is contrary to laws, marked by deception, and unethical. When the legality, lack of work and advantageousness, and cheating are examined it is easy to see how steroids are extremely unfairRead MoreSteroid Use in Sports1732 Words   |  7 Pagesastonishing ten to fifteen percent of professional athletes use illegal steroids which are also known as performance enhancing drugs. These substances which are banned in professional sports aren’t just any type of steroid or drug. They are ca lled anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs, and they are synthetically produced substances of male testosterone hormones. The use of these illegal steroids has garnered a lot of publicity within the world of sports over the past few years. As athletesRead MoreEssay about Steroids in Sports: Right or Wrong?947 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Sports, Right or Wrong? â€Å"We have to make some radical move to get the attention of everyone. Cheaters cant win and steroids have put us in the position that its OK to cheat.† (Lou Brock). Steroids in professional sports has became a major issue and has yet to be justified. Steroids boost the intensity of the game and provide the athletes with more agility and skill to play the game, but should it be fair to allow them? This would give some players an advantage in their sport overRead More Steroids in Sports Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional sports are very special in the United States. One reason for this is the spirit of competition. However, steroid use taints this competition. If steroids were to be completely eliminated from sports, the competition would be much more special because athletes would compete with their hearts and will, without an extra boost. Also, since not everybody can be a professional athlete, the elimination of steroid use, in my opinion, would make the fans appreciate the game more and make themRead MoreSports Philosophy And Recreation : Anabolic Steroids1430 Words   |  6 PagesSports Philosophy and Recreation Are Anabolic Steroids Important Of Body Building? I will argue no that anabolic steroids are not important for body building because they have great negative effects. The use of anabolic steroids has been discouraged over the years because of their side effects, and they are against the philosophy of sports. The steroids are medicine and protein supplements that aid in the body building. I hugely oppose the notion that anabolic steroid are imperative in buildingRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today s Athletes857 Words   |  4 Pages Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefully helpRead MoreAthletes Should Use Performance Enhancing Drugs941 Words   |  4 Pagesyour choosing? Therefore, this is one of the reasons why I think steroids should be able to be used for anything of the professional athletes choosing.. Due to the amount of people using performance enhancing drugs in pro sports today, most people when they hear â€Å"Steroids† they think of huge men or women with big bulging muscles. Steroids have been used throughout sports in every way in almost every sport. I think that the professional athletes that use performance enhan cing drugs should be able toRead MoreAthletes And Professional Sports Athletes914 Words   |  4 PagesMany professional sports athletes historically took steroids to enhance greatly their overall performance, to furnish them with a reasonable edge against their opposing team. Most of the trained athletes who took or are trying anabolic steroids, do not grasp the additional complications they are taking mentally and physically with on themselves. In that respect there comes consequences with taking steroids, particularly with getting caught, these matters can be a problem for the sports athletes trustworthiness

A Guide to A Research Paper Services

A Guide to A Research Paper Services Whatever They Told You About a Research Paper Services Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why In the home body, it is necessary to logically organize arguments and evidences concerning the subject of the paper. Some of the greatest research paper introduction samples consist of primary resources supporting the argument or research of the issue. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge so as to get the best possible data in that area. An evaluating sheet determining the number of focuses or relative weight given to every bit of the report can enable you to center your endeavors. If you must write only 1 paper at the conclusion of the period, you can breathe out as you are blessed. A works cited page beginning on a different page at the conclusion of the paper. This kind of area should fall under your field of interest. Research is an essential part of any college program. 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Companies And Other Organizations Use Internet/web Sites For Different

Companies and other organizations use internet/web sites for different purposes. In general, a web site provides an interface while the Internet provides cost-effective communication capabilities. For this project assignment, the Nike Corporation was chosen and will be dissected for information technology analysis. The Nike Corporation is engaged in the design, development, and worldwide marketing of high quality footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessory products. It is the largest seller of athletic footwear and athletic apparel in the world. The web site that will be examined will be that of www.nike.com. This analysis will be construed into five separate sections that are chronologically as follows: Company Information, Web Site Description, Web Site Analysis, Completing A System, Web Site/Internet Expansion. Company Information: Searching and finding company information on the web-site was quite easy and user friendly (as will be discussed later). Nike's mission statement reads as follows: "Nike's mission for corporate responsibility is to lead in corporate citizenship through programs that reflect caring for the world family of Nike, our teammates, our consumers, and those who provide services to Nike." Nike has more than 500 contract factories around the world in about 45 countries. Their factories are spread across Europe, Asia, North, Central, and South America, and just recently, Australia. In fact, this area of the web site goes into very thorough detail as Nike deliberates on what exactly it is doing to further achieve its mission statement up to the current day. They address current problems such as age limits in factories, environmental health and safety, independent monitoring, education, research, and community affairs and discuss the new changes that they have implemented to further achieve their mission statement and please all of their current and potential customers. Although outside information besides the company's web site was used to obtain financial records and reports, it was discovered that the web site also had an annual report, earnings releases, historical revenue, live stock quotes, and dividend and stock information (which is another plus for the web site that will be discussed later on). Nike is in the Textile-Apparel/Footwear/Accessories Industry. As far as size, customer, and market are concerned, the 1999 and 2000 fiscal statistics need only to be glanced at and discussed in order to comprehend all of those subtitles. Nike Corporation had total revenues at about roughly 9 billion dollars last year worldwide. It did not exactly state how many customers actually purchased Nike products last year but considering that enormous revenue, it probably was a significantly large number of customers. That's a considerable amount of money considering they lost their prime endorsee, Michael Jordan, to retirement. The NBA was forced to shorten its season due to labor disputes, which also greatly affected sales. That information was also available courtesy of the web site and was located under their fiscal year in review. To further put into context the size and power of Nike Corp., one only need look at Market Cap comparisons on the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange). Market Cap is approximately what a company is worth to investors in the stock market. It is determined by multiplying the number of common shares outstanding by the price per share of that company. The Market Cap for Nike in million dollar increments was approximately $10, 664.63. They dwarfed most of their competition from their industry in this area. Their nearest competitor was Gucci Group, Inc. which was about one-half million below them. The rest of their industry competition was not even close. They embarrassed such well-known competitors as Timberland, Reebok, Kenneth Cole, Justin Industries, Sketchers, Wolverine, and Velcro (to name a few). Another inter esting tidbit that was provided by means of their fiscal report on their web site was their total shareholder returns data. This basically stated that one hundred dollars invested in Nike Corporation ten years ago would have been worth $1, 432 dollars on May 31 of this year. That completely usurped that of the S&P (Standard and Poor's) 500, which would have been only worth a measly $527 on the same date. After reviewing all of this financial information that was provided by the web site, it was easily determined just in fact how large the Nike Corporation actually is. Web Site Description: In a

Princess Bride essays

Princess Bride essays The book starts with explaining Buttercups parents. Her mother nice and sweet, but she often got after her husband for small insignificant things. Her father shuddered at his wife's voice, a hard worker and loving father. They are both talking when they see a huge procession of horses and guards heading towards their home. At first the assume it was their neighbors but then the crowd was past all their neighbors houses and land and going straight towards them. The mother shrieks at her husband that he forgot to pay the taxes and that they were going to be locked up for the rest of their lives and it was all his fault. When the procession arrives out comes the Count and Countess from their carriage. The Count automatically notices Buttercup's beauty and the Countess notices Wesley, his muscles and how young and handsome he is. The Count and Countess say they are interested in how the father raises the cows and feeds them. Because his cows are the best in the land. When they finally leave, the Count tells the Prince about the most beautiful woman in the Village and the Prince is immediately impressed. So one day while Buttercup is out riding her horse, whom she named "Horse," she was approached by the Prince. He told her how beautiful she was and that he wanted to court her and then marry her. She was not impressed, and rode off, she did not know it was the Prince. Yes her and Wesley did fall in love, it was him always bending to her every whim, we all know the famous, "As you wish..." There are some very outstanding differences between the book and the movie though, they kiss and they plan to be wed. But Wesley wants to earn money for his family and wife so he got on a ship and sailed away, he said he would send word as soon as possible. Then when he had enough he would send her a ticket to come be with him. Then he was gone. Buttercup then recived word that the ship he ...

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole The South Pole is the southernmost point on the Earths surface. It is at 90ËšS latitude and it is on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole. The South Pole is located in Antarctica and it is at the site of the United States Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, a research station that was established in 1956. Geography of the South Pole The Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point on Earths surface that crosses the Earths axis of rotation. This is the South Pole that is located at the site of the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It moves about 33 feet (ten meters) because it is located on a moving ice sheet. The South Pole is on an ice plateau about 800 miles (1,300 km) from McMurdo Sound. The ice at this location is about 9,301 feet (2,835 m) thick. As a result ices movement, the location of the Geographic South Pole, also called the Geodetic South Pole, must be recalculated yearly on January 1. Usually, the coordinates of this location are just expressed in terms of latitude (90ËšS) because it essentially has no longitude as it is located where the meridians of longitude converge. Although, if longitude is given it is said to be 0ËšW. In addition, all points moving away from the South Pole face north and must have a latitude below 90Ëš as they move north toward the Earths equator. These points are still given in degrees south however because they are in the Southern Hemisphere. Because the South Pole has no longitude, it is difficult to tell time there. In addition, time cannot be estimated by using the suns position in the sky either because it rises and sets only once a year at the South Pole (due to its extreme southern location and the Earths axial tilt). Thus, for convenience, time is kept in New Zealand time at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Magnetic and Geomagnetic South Pole Like the North Pole, the South Pole also has magnetic and geomagnetic poles which differ from the 90ËšS Geographic South Pole. According to the Australian Antarctic Division, the Magnetic South pole is the location on the Earths surface where the direction of the Earths magnetic field is vertically upwards. This forms a magnetic dip that is 90Ëš at the Magnetic South Pole. This location moves about 3 miles (5 km) per year and in 2007 it was located at 64.497ËšS and 137.684ËšE. The Geomagnetic South Pole is defined by the Australian Antarctic Division as the point of intersection between the Earths surface and the axis of a magnetic dipole that approximates the Earths center and the beginning of the Earths magnetic field. The Geomagnetic South Pole is estimated to be located at 79.74ËšS and 108.22ËšE. This location is near the Vostok Station, a Russian research outpost. Exploration of the South Pole Although exploration of Antarctica began in the mid-1800s, attempted exploration of the South Pole did not occur until 1901. In that year, Robert Falcon Scott attempted the first expedition from Antarcticas coastline to the South Pole. His Discovery Expedition lasted from 1901 to 1904 and on December 31, 1902, he reached 82.26ËšS but he did not travel any farther south. Shortly thereafter, Ernest Shackleton, who had been on Scotts Discovery Expedition, launched another attempt to reach the South Pole. This expedition was called the Nimrod Expedition and on January 9, 1909, he came within 112 miles (180 km) from the South Pole before he had to turn back. Finally in 1911 however, Roald Amundsen became the first person to reach the Geographic South Pole on December 14. Upon reaching the pole, Amundsen established a camp named Polhiem and named the plateau that the South Pole is on, King Haakon VII Vidde. 34 days later on January 17, 1912, Scott, who was attempting to race Amundsen, also reached the South Pole, but on his return home Scott and his entire expedition died due to cold and starvation. Following Amundsen and Scotts reaching the South Pole, people did not return there until October 1956. In that year, U.S. Navy Admiral George Dufek landed there and shortly thereafter, the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was established from 1956-1957. People did not reach the South Pole by land though until 1958 when Edmund Hillary and Vivian Fuchs launched the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Since the 1950s, most of the people on or near the South Pole have been researchers and scientific expeditions. Since the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was established in 1956, researchers have continually staffed it and recently it has been upgraded and expanded to allow more people to work there throughout the year. To learn more about the South Pole and to view webcams, visit the ESRL Global Monitorings South Pole Observatory website. References Australian Antarctic Division. (21 August 2010). Poles and Directions: Australian Antarctic Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). ESRL Global Monitoring Division - South Pole Observatory. Wikipedia.org. (18 October 2010). South Pole - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America Essay

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America - Essay Example This paper will depict the fact that college sports are disillusionment as they seek to benefit the colleges and not the college athletes. The film, â€Å"Hoop Dreams† depicts the lives of two African-American teenagers, William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursue their dreams of becoming NBA stars. Indeed, they want to use basketball as a leeway to their financial and social woes. Fortunately, a scout from St. Joseph High School, which has a magnificent basketball program and great basketball alumni, like NBA. However, the film negates the idea that college athletic is a game by asserting that William strived to please everybody’s expectations when his knee is shot just when he had immense passion for the game. Notably, St. Joseph High School did not give the two teenagers full sponsorship but partial scholarships because they wanted to relate the sponsorship with the benefits that the double will bring to the school. Ideally, William was more gifted than Arthur a they joined different basketball teams in the school. Indeed, Pingatore, the coach compares William with Isiah Thomas, the NBA star who was al so a recruit of the same school. Notably, Arthur was both slow in class and on the court. As a result, the coach drops Arthur from the squad where he consequently lost the scholarship. This manifests the disillusionment that the school wanted to accrue benefits from Arthur and had to drop him since he could not advance to a perfect basket baller. Indeed, Arthur had to go back to public school. Unfortunately, he would still not graduate in the public school without transfer credits from St. Joseph's who had already withheld his credits due to accrued tuition arrears. In fact, had the school not offered him a scholarship, there would not be any arrears and hence the schools did not seek to benefit Arthur recruiting him to their basketball program. Indeed, it is clear that the school was only looking for looking for a basketball player and not for tuition fees. We can thus ascertain that the school did not aim at helping worthy students but at finding good basketball players who they d rop if they fail to make the target. At the same time, the article by Taylor Branch, â€Å"Shame of College Sports,† defines college sports as a real scandal aimed at generating financial revenue for the for universities and private companies as the college athletes earn nothing. Indeed, the article presents the case of a civil-rights historian seeking for the payment of college athletes. Indeed, the film portrays the lack of concern for the scholars after suffering injuries that jeopardize their progress on the court. However, the two lads survived the setbacks and continued with their pursuit where colleges recruited them. Actually, some college athletes suffer lifetime injuries and do not earn anything for that. The article claims that commercial interests buy schools and buy coaches to the disregard of the college athletes. In fact, Sonny Vaccaro told a closed hearing at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., in 2001 that they seek to put their materials on the athleteâ⠂¬â„¢s’ bodies by buying their school or their coach. Specifically, the Knight Foundation has interest in college athletics where it guards the interests of the likes of Vaccaro. Moreover,

Business Paper- Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Paper- Ethics - Essay Example The executives got greedy and started an unethical and illegal accounting scam that cook up the numbers of overstating assets by capitalizing expenses while at the same time recognizing revenue that did not exist. The unethical behavior of this firm caught up to it and by 2002 the company filed bankruptcy and liquidated the little assets that were left leaving thousands of people out of work and out of a pension plan (Time). This paper discusses ethical behavior in the business world by providing related principles, theories and by providing real life examples of ethical behavior in the business environment. The ethical actions of a company and its collective efforts involved all the company’s stakeholders including customers, employees, vendors, suppliers, governmental agencies, shareholders, lenders among other stakeholders. A company must establish a formal code of ethics to ensure consistency and to establish a clear set of guidelines concerning acceptable and unacceptable behavior. An example of an organization that established a code of ethics for its enrolled membership is the Society of Professional Journalist. This organization set standards in its code of ethics regarding the work task and behavior of its members such as: A corporate strategy that has gained a lot of popularity which is related to correct ethical behavior is social responsibility. Social responsibility is a business’s obligation to maximize its positive impact and minimize its negative impact on society (Ferrell, et. al. 39). Firms with corporate responsibility philosophies care about the environment, its customers, the community around the company and the economic well being of its employees and shareholders. A company that has very respectful and effective social responsibility strategy is the world largest retail coffee chain retail store, Starbucks. Starbucks believes that strengthening its relationship with external stakeholders by utilizing communication and

How Would You Resolve an Ethical Problem at Work? Essay -- Business Et

Describe an ethical problem you have encountered or might encounter in your workplace. How would you approach the problem and reach a decision to solve it?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business ethics defines how a company integrates core values - such as honesty, trust, respect, and fairness - into its policies, practices, and decision-making. Business ethics is, in part, the attempt to think clearly and deeply about ethical issues in business and to arrive at conclusions that are supported by the strongest possible arguments. Ethical principles are the rules of conduct that derive from ethical values. For example, honesty is a value that governs behavior in the form of principles such as: tell the truth, don’t deceive, and don’t cheat. In a business the ultimate goal is to achieve maximum profits. There are factors affecting at different levels of the business such as finance, technology, labor, and workflow in order to maintain excellence and growth of the company. In this paper, I want to demonstrate what ethical issues I faced working as a team leader for my company and how I approached the problems in order to solve it and made decisions and solutions without disturbing the environment of the workplace. Team leaders must master a broad range of business talents and also qualities such as team leadership, setting up weekly goals and must provide their organizations with the strategies, structures, and personnel to compete in a constantly changing environment. There can be a number ...

Maria Helena Lima’s “Imaginary Homelands in Jamaica “ Essay

Outline: Section 1: Writing to rescue her life—It seems as though writer Jamaica Kincaid has written a number of novels in an effort to understand her past and her growth and development throughout it. Almost all of the novels Kincaid has written seem to be interconnected in that they all shed light on certain struggles of her past (paragraphs 1-4). Section 2: Function of bildungsroman—The bildungsroman form, in which a novel focuses on a â€Å"person’s development or spiritual education,† is used specifically by Kincaid and other Caribbean writers to unravel the difficulties and disputations of growing up across the margins of different traditions and cultural universes. The acculturation of a self can be portrayed through the form, however in Kincaid’s novels specifically, the bildungsroman is not so much used as to show the growth in Lucy and Annie John’s adolescent life, but rather to show their reactions respectively to more worldly matters such as racism and colonialism (paragraphs 5-7) (freedictionary.com). Section 3: Far from home—Exile for characters like Lucy and Annie John does not serve the purpose of testing life without their parents, but rather opens their eyes to the escalating world. It is in this big bad world that the characters are forced to find their new identity and beliefs. Not only are these characters left with a sense of strangeness to the new world, but they also signal struggles with the place in which they came from. The longer they spend time in the new strange world, the further they find themselves from their first home. These colonial characters face the challenge of identifying themselves and their cultural origins (paragraphs 8-11). Section 4: Effects of reading literature—Literature is claimed to play an important role in a person’s development. A person’s emotions and reactions stem largely from the literature he/she reads. Lucy had resentment toward daffodils because as a young girl, she was required to memorize a long poem about the flower without having ever seen one in real life. Lucy reads several books, which have an effect on her wanting to change her name. Reading of literature ultimately affects the way in which people react and think (paragraphs 12-13). Section 5: Writing as a means of salvage—In an effort to cure Lucy’s desire for home, she becomes a writer. She writes negative letters to her mother in order to assuage or deal with her feelings. As much as Lucy wants to believe that she is not the girl her parents expected her to be, it is the written letters that she sends and receives that ultimately lead her to realize her true feelings (paragraphs 14-15). Section 6: Finding identity in a culturally different world—As Lucy and Annie John, representations for Kincaid herself—lose parts of their past and are exposed to a strangely new present, they use their knowledge in an effort to comprehend the nature of the world and their part in it (paragraphs 16-17). Summary: Professor Maria Lima’s â€Å"Homelands in Jamaica Kincaid’s Narratives of Development,† claims that writers in diaspora establish the bildungsroman form in their writings to explore the character’s need for individual and national identity. Specifically, Jamaica Kincaid uses mostly all of her novels to write about her struggles and developments in a strange world. Bildungsroman is used in these novels by showing characters’ reactions to more worldly matters such as racism, colonialism, and sexism. Exile is used in these novels, not to test life without the characters’ parents, but rather to open the characters’ eyes to the incredibly complicated world that lies ahead. These characters are forced to find a place for themselves in the strange world as well as having to form their own beliefs about societal matters. However, the longer the time these characters spend away from home, the further they find themselves, emotionally, from home and are left with a strange feeling of loneliness in the world. They are then challenged with having to identify themselves and their cultural origins. Lima claims that Kincaid employs the reading of literature and writing as means of salvation. When put into the tough position of being emotionally disconnected from the world, characters, specifically like Lucy, in Lucy: A Novel, read and use their memories from books to identify themselves. In addition, writing helps the characters to cope with their estranged and complicated feelings. Those caught between culturally different worlds use what they know in an effort to comprehend the nature of the world and their part in it. Discussion Questions: 1. How are the struggles Lucy faces similar and/or different than those of Melinda and Charlie in finding their respective identities? 2. What role does age play in all of the novels we have read thus far? How has Lucy’s older age helped/hindered her in finding her identity? 3. What role have reading literature and writing letters played in the novels we have read so far, specifically in The Perks of Being a Wallflower and Lucy: A Novel? Works Cited Lima, Maria Helena. â€Å"Imaginary Homelands in Jamaica Kincaid’s Narratives of Development† Callaloo 25.3 (Summer 2002): 857-867.

India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2445 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: D-Day (Operation Neptune) Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: With a view to enhancing enrolment, retention and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995 (MHRD website). It became mandatory in 2001, every child enrolled in a government and government aided primary school was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 300 calories of energy and 8 to 12 gms protein per day for a minimum of 200 days. Over the years, the scheme was seen various revisions and extensions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "India s Mid-Day Meal Scheme" essay for you Create order Although this scheme is centrally sponsored, the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) is a highly coordinated scheme with several actors at various levels that are essential for its functioning at the state, district, block, Gram Panchayat , local government and school level. India’s government mid-day meal program is the largest in the world, feeding 120 million students per day (Newton, 2016). The History of the MDMS: Certain states in India had their own mid-day meal schemes prior to it being introduced by the Central government in 1995. As far back in 1925, in pre-independence India, a mid-day meal program was introduced for poor children living in the Madras Corporation area in Tamil Nadu (GoI 1995:2 as cited in Swaminathan, add year). The next year, the Madras government introduced a compulsory elementary education scheme, which included the Madras Corporation. This program continued till 1982-83, when a new scheme was introduced, replacing it. The new scheme called the Puratchi Thalaivar MGR Nutritious Meal Programme (PTMGR NMP) was introduced in rural areas for pre-school and primary school children i.e. children aged from 2 to 9 years. The scheme was later extended to urban areas (Sept 1982), to old age pensioners (Jan 1983), to school students aged from 10 to 15 years (Sept 1984) and pregnant women (Dec 1995). Other parts of India too had their mid-day meal scheme before the government ini tiative in 1995 such as some parts of Kerala (1941), Bombay (1942), Bangalore city (1946), Uttar Pradesh (1953) and Gujarat (1984). By 1990-1991, twelve states had implemented the mid-day meal program using their own resources. In 1995, the NP-NSPE was launched in certain blocks. Central assistance provided free food grains (100 gram/ child/ school day) and transport subsidies capped at Rs. 50/ 100 kg. By 1997-1998, the program was extended to all regions of the country. In 2001, the Supreme court mandated the mid-day meal be implemented by all states. In the states or Union Territories where dry rations instead of cooked meals were provided, the Supreme Court ordered that cooked meals must be provided within three months in all government and government-aided primary schools (classes I to V) in all half of the Districts of the State (in order of poverty) and must extended the provision of cooked meals to the rest of the state. In October 2002 the program was extended to children in Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternative and Innovative Education centers. In 2004, the NP-NSPE was revised to include, in a ddition to the free food grain provision (100 gm/ child/ school day), central assistance for cooking costs (Rs. 1/ child/ school day), transport subsidies (capped at Rs. 100/ quintal for special category states and Rs. 75/ quintal for other states), a management, monitoring and evaluation cost and the provision of meals in drought affected areas during the summer vacation. Two years later, the NP-NSPE was further revised to increase the food intake from 300 kcal to 450 kcal as well as established food standard norms.   Central assistance too was increased in the following ways – doubling the assistance towards cooking costs to Rs. 2/ child/ school day; assistance to construct a kitchen or store room; assistance to provision or replace kitchen devices and changes in the management, monitoring and evaluation cost. A year later in 2007, the scheme was extended to children in class VI to VII in Educationally Backward Blocks and all children in these classes from 2008-09. Every child in these classes was to be served a prepared mid-day meal with a minimum content of 750 kcal and 20 gms of protein per day. The central assistance was also higher with free food grains of 150 gm/ child/ school day; increased cooking costs (Rs. 2.50/ child/ school day); provision of meals in drought-affected areas in the summer vacation as well as infrastructural assistance and increased transport subsidy to special category states. In 2008, this was extended to students in Muslim religious schools supported under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was covered. In 2009, after The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education was introduced, the scheme was revised frequently, almost once a year where the focus was largely on revision of food standards, legal standards for usage of double fortified salt, guidelines on food safety and hygiene and guidelines and a model MoU for engagin with NGOs or other civil society organizations. Table 1: Mid-day meal food norms effective from Dec 1, 2009 Items Quantity per day/Child   Primary Upper Primary Foodgrains 100 gms 150 gms Pulses 20 gms 30 gms Vegetables (leafy also) 50 gms 75 gms Oil fat 5 gms 7.5 gms Salt condiments As per need As per need Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Table 2: Revised Cooking cost (Rs.) per child per school day 2011 to 2016 Stage Effective Total Cost Central-State Sharing  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-NER States (60:40) NER-States (90:10) 3 Himalayan States All UTs (100%)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Central State Central State Central Primary (Class I to V) April 1, 2011 2.89 2.17 0.75 2.60 0.29    July 1, 2012 3.11 2.33 0.78 2.80 0.31    July 1, 2013 3.34 2.51 0.83 3.01 0.33    July 1, 2014 3.59 2.69 0.90 3.23 0.36    July 1, 2015 3.86 2.32 1.54 3.47 0.39 3.86   July 1, 2016 4.13 2.48 1.65 3.72 0.41 4.13  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Upper Primary (Class VI to VIII) April 1, 2011 4.33 3.25 1.08 3.90 0.43    July 1, 2012 4.65 3.49 1.16 4.19 0.47    July 1, 2013 5.00 3.75 1.25 4.50 0.50    July 1, 2014 5.38 4.04 1.34 4.84 0.54    July 1, 2015 5.78 3.47 2.31 5.20 0.58 5.78   July 1, 2016 6.18 3.71 2.47 5.56 0.62 6.18 Source: Compiled from Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) Figure 1: Year Wise Outlay under Mid-Day Meal Scheme (Rs. in Crore) Source: Mid-day meal scheme website, MHRD (accessed Dec 23, 2018) The operationalization of the MDMS: Food grains are provided by the local depots of the Food Corporation of India (FCI). While earlier the FCI supplied the food grains to the states and a centralized payment was made by the central government without confirmation by the states. Realizing that this was taking too long, the government decentralized the process in 2010 through a government order (F.1-15/ 2009). Under the new procedure, food grains are allocated biannually by the Department of School Education and Literacy in conjunction with the Department of Food and Public Distribution separately for the primary and upper primary levels. The first six monthly allocation is made in the first week of Feb of the previous financial year based on the number of children and number of school days approved by the Programme Approval Board of the Mid Day Meal Scheme for the previous year. T he second and final allocation is made in the first week of August, accounting for the unspent balance available with the states during the previous year and the first allocation. The states send a utilization certificate of food grains supplied to the Government of India (GoI), where they indicate the quantity consumed. This is done at the Block and District level. Once the states receive an allocation from the GoI, they make district-wise allocation of food grains, separately for primary and upper primary classes. A buffer stock of food grains for a month is maintained at the district level. The FCI is responsible for continuous availability of adequate quantity of good quality food grains. The District collector (or the CEO of the Zila Panchayat) are expected to ensure the food grains are of fair and adequate quality and three samples are drawn in the presence of state government representatives and those of the FCI. These samples are retained for three months and use to ascertain the veracity of complaints, if any. The FCI is expected to raise bills by the 10th day of the next month after provision of food grains and the district administration is expected to pay within 20 days. The states are expected to make adequate provisions in their budget for this and are expected to release this amount in advance to the districts. The GoI is also expected to release these funds to the state governments as soon as the budget is passed. If no budget is available at the district level, the state should authorize the districts to use the relevant treasury rules to make payments and then adjust the amounts as and when the budget is received by the states. States are also expected to monitor the lifting, payment and quantity of food grains sent to the school or cooking agency. There are several committees at different levels – at the national level the Empowered Committee, Steering-cum-Monitoring Committee (NSMC) and the Programme Approval Board (PAB), who monitor and suggest implementation measures. Other committees include – a state-level Steering–cum-Monitoring Committee, a District Level Committee and at the village level – members of Village Education Committees (VECs), Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) and the School Management Committees (SMCs). The committees at the village level are involved in the more day-to-day implementation of the scheme. Evaluation: According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017 report, India is home to 190.7 million undernourished people in the world, constituting 14.8% of its total population in 2015-17, a reduction from 2004-06 where it was 22.2%. 38.4% of children in 2017 under five are stunted, implying that their mental development, school performance and intellectual capabilities may be affected by the long-term nutritional deprivation. This is a reduction from 2012, where the corresponding figure is 47.9%. One in five children suffers from wasting, implying that their weight is low compared to their height. Furthermore, India ranks at 100 out of 119 countries on the Global Hunger Index. Nakao et al. (2018) mention that there is no national health survey after the implementation of the MDMS to evaluate the improvement nutritional outcomes for children served a mid-day meal. One would expect that the program dovetailing school attendance with meals, would improve nutritional outcom es, school attendance and enrollments. However certain researchers conducting their independent research have found mixed results as well as problems with the implementation of MDMS. A CAG report finds declining trends in enrolments during 2009-10 to 2013-14 observed in several states: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. Dreze at al. (2003) who conducted a survey of 81 randomly selected villages, divided equally in the states of Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Rajasthan, found both positive and negative aspects of the MDMS in their interviews with parents, teachers, cooks and other individuals. Of the positive findings, they report – improved school enrollment, particularly for girls; improved school attendance and retention; socialization among other castes (in a limited way); non-income support to poor families and good management of food logistics. Their negative findings include – poor infrastructure for cooking (in cluding water supply and utensils); repetitive menus; overt or covert caste discrimination and prejudices towards lower caste children or cooks; serious health hazards; disruption of classroom activity as teachers had to oversee the cooking and very low allocation of funds per meal. Another study conducted by Afridi (2005) in early 2004 in 41 randomly sampled villages in a non-tribal block of the Chindwara district on Madhya Pradesh, where information was collected on 615 households, 74 primary schools and 35 village panchayats. Afridi finds delays in the implementation of the program, 47% of panchayats spending less than mandated amounts, lack of adequate infrastructure, no separate kitchen and even the most basic adequate plates. Afridi reports a better program implementation in Karnataka with more nutritious meals (pulses and vegetables) and tablets (iron, folic and de-worming). The program was also extended till class VIII. A study in 2004 by the Pratichi research team comparin g 15 randomly chosen schools implementing the program to those who didn’t, found a 10% increase in attendance where the program was run, with a higher impact among the Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Muslim population. They also found increased teacher attendance; over four-fifths of parents were in favor of the program; 82% of parents were willing to contribute in any way and 88% of children wanting the program to continue. It is also important to note the importance of this meal as almost three-fourths of children did not have food before coming to school. In addition to the issues mentioned earlier, their study found inadequate salaries paid to cooks and limited opportunities for parental participation. Blue (2005) found in a study of 8 schools in rural Rajasthan that the children and teachers spent long hours cooking or getting firewood and in the case of teachers, supervising the meal preparation and keeping records. Additionally, since schools were paid were three to three months, the teachers took loans of food ingredients. A study in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi by De et al. (2005) found that even after selecting NGOs and caterers to cook the food, the quantity and quality of food wer e less than the minimum requirements. Criticisms: The food served under the MDMS has been criticized on various fronts such as the menu, the food quality, the preparation and even down to who prepared or served the food. The food has been criticized as low quality and the menu being repetitive. It has been argued that the government is so focused on covering as many schools and students as possible, that food quality is often relegated to a lower priority. During the food preparation, it is possible that hygiene, cleanliness and food preparation standards may not have been met. There have been multiple news reports, where children have either fallen sick after eating the mid-day meal and in some cases, tragically died. Many of these children come from extremely poor families and the mid-day meal is the only meal they might eat in a day. Many incidents go unreported as well. The parents of these children, thereby, fearing the safety of their children have declined to eat the mid-day meals. With so many intermediaries, it is inevitabl e that some of the food or raw material is siphoned away or never reaches the schools. A report by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2015) found financial mismanagement by the Human Resource and Development ministry as well as states diverting funds of Rs. 123.29 crore meant for the scheme. The CAG report also found the following: the MDMS was not implemented in 32 government-aided schools of Amritsar and Ludhiana, depriving 50,417 students of benefits; the usage of 1.04 lakh kg less rice than prescribed norms in Belur, Karnataka and excess payments made to NGOs. Chauhan (add year) evaluates the use of schools to implement social policies by conducting 26 structured interviews, 8 focus groups and 5 teacher key-informant interviews in an Indian village in the state of xx. He found that the community does not trust the government, regards the state-run schools to be of poor quality and finds that the community no longer perceives the school as an institution that imparts e ducation but one that provides free meals. He cautions that the change in perception would perhaps mean that the mid-day meal may not meet its goal of promoting education. Bibliography: https://mdm.nic.in/Files/Initiatives%20%20Case%20Studies/NUTRITION_%20FOUNDATION_%20OF_%20INDIA.pdf